The metamorphosis of social movements into political parties. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and the Tunisian al-Nahda as cases for a reflection on Party Institutionalisation Theory

Zollner, Barbara (2021) The metamorphosis of social movements into political parties. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and the Tunisian al-Nahda as cases for a reflection on Party Institutionalisation Theory. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 48 (3), pp. 370-387. ISSN 1353-0194.

Abstract

The article studies newly established parties with roots in social movements. Using the post-Spring development of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and Tunisian al-Nahda as in-depth empirical cases, the study reflects on prevalent theoretical explanations for the transitions of social movements into political parties. The article argues that extant literature on party system institutionalisation and on the development of social movement do not adequately explain the driving factors for the transition process of movements into parties. A focus on party systems does not take note of the dynamics of movement-party relations, while social movement theory remains steeped in conceptions of institutional evolution and ‘natural progression’ in politics. When rethinking party institutionalisation, it needs to be recognised that it is a precarious process during which features of social movement activism overlap with the formalised engagement that characterises political parties. The comparative study of the Muslim Brotherhood-led Freedom and Justice Party and the Tunisian al-Nahda Movement and its al-Nahda Party exemplifies that the degree to which leading parties emancipate themselves from the guardianship of their ‘mother-organisations’ is an essential factor for democratic state-building.

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