Policy recommendations. Aiming for effective knowledge transfer policies in high and middle income countries

Athreye, S. and Rossi, Federica (2021) Policy recommendations. Aiming for effective knowledge transfer policies in high and middle income countries. In: Arundel, A. and Athreye, S. and Wunsch Vincent, S. (eds.) Harnessing Public Research for Innovation in the 21st Century. An International Assessment of Knowledge Transfer Policies. Intellectual Property, Innovation and Economic Development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 393-417. ISBN 9781108842792.

Abstract

This chapter shows that implementing similar policies supporting the transfer of knowledge from public research to industry in countries with different innovation systems requires different sets of complementary policies. Drawing on six case studies, which range from high- (UK, Germany, Republic of Korea) to middle-income countries (China, Brazil, South Africa), this chapter describes the process of policy convergence and why countries might differ substantially in their approach. In high-income countries with mature national innovation systems, the adoption of Bayh-Dole-inspired legislation meant that research expected to produce patents was incentivized and preferred over other types of commercialization. The policy challenge here is to ensure all channels of knowledge transfer are appropriately nurtured. In middle-income economies, where knowledge ecosystems were less mature, the Bayh-Dole legislation resulted in a process of institutional reform, such as incentives to researchers, changing the legal structure of the university incomes and the use of public research institutes. Thus, for knowledge transfer policies to be successful, it is crucial to identify the appropriate complementary measures.

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