The fNIRS glossary project: a consensus-based resource for functional near-infrared spectroscopy terminology

Stute, K. and Gossé, L.K. and Montero-Hernandez, S. and Perkins, G.A. and Yücel, M.A. and Cutini, S. and Durduran, T. and Ehlis, A.-C. and Ferrari, M. and Gervain, J. and Mesquita, R.C. and Orihuela-Espina, F. and Quaresima, V. and Scholkmann, F. and Tachtsidis, I. and Torricelli, A. and Wabnitz, H. and Yodh, A.G. and Carp, S.A. and Dehghani, H. and Fang, Q. and Fantini, S. and Hoshi, Y. and Niu, H. and Obrig, H. and Klein, F. and Artemenko, C. and Bajracharya, A. and Barth, B. and Bartkowski, C. and Borot, L. and Bulgarelli, Chiara and Busch, D.R. and Chojak, M. and DeFreitas, J.M. and Diprossimo, L. and Dresler, T. and Eken, A. and Elsherif, M.M. and Emberson, L.L. and Exner, A. and Ferdous, T.R. and Fiske, A. and Forbes, S.H. and Gemignani, J. and Gerloff, C. and Guérin, S.M.R. and Guevara, E. and Hamilton, A.F. de C. and Hadi Hosseini, S.M. and Jain, D. and Kerr-German, A.N. and Kong, H. and Kroczek, A. and Longhurst, J.K. and Lührs, M. and MacLennan, R.J. and Mehler, D.M.A. and Meidenbauer, K.L. and Moreau, D. and Mutlu, M.C. and Orti, R. and Paranawithana, I. and Pinti, P. and Jounghani, A.R. and Reindl, V. and Ross, N.A. and Sanchez-Alonso, S. and Seidel-Marzi, O. and Shukla, M. and Usama, S.A. and Talati, M. and Vergotte, G. and Atif Yaqub, M. and Yu, C.-C. and Zainodini, H. (2025) The fNIRS glossary project: a consensus-based resource for functional near-infrared spectroscopy terminology. Neurophotonics 12 (02), ISSN 2329-423X.

Abstract

Significance: A shared understanding of terminology is essential for clear scientific communication and minimizing misconceptions. This is particularly challenging in rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary domains that utilize functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), where researchers come from diverse backgrounds and apply their expertise in fields such as engineering, neuroscience, and psychology. Aim: The fNIRS Glossary Project was established to develop a community-sourced glossary covering key fNIRS terms, including those related to the continuous-wave (CW), frequency-domain (FD), and time-domain (TD) NIRS techniques. Approach: The glossary was collaboratively developed by a diverse group of 76 fNIRS researchers, representing a wide range of career stages (from PhD students to experts) and disciplines. This collaborative process, structured across five phases, ensured the glossary’s depth and comprehensiveness. Results: The glossary features over 300 terms categorized into six key domains: analysis, experimental design, hardware, neuroscience, mathematics, and physics. It also includes abbreviations, symbols, synonyms, references, alternative definitions, and figures where relevant. Conclusions: The fNIRS glossary provides a community-sourced resource that facilitates education and effective scientific communication within the fNIRS community and related fields. By lowering barriers to learning and engaging with fNIRS, the glossary is poised to benefit a broad spectrum of researchers, including those with limited access to educational resources.

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