The origin and diversification of the hyperdiverse flora in the Chocó biogeographic region

Pérez-Escobar, O.A. and Lucas, E. and Jaramillo, C. and Monro, A. and Morris, S.K. and Bogarin, D. and Greer, D. and Dodsworth, Steven and Aguilar-Cano, J. and Sanchez Meseguer, A. and Antonelli, A. (2019) The origin and diversification of the hyperdiverse flora in the Chocó biogeographic region. Frontiers in Plant Science 10 (1328), ISSN 1664-462X.

Abstract

Extremely high levels of plant diversity in the American tropics are derived from multiple interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Previous studies have focused on macro-evolutionary dynamics of the Tropical Andes, Amazonia, and Brazil’s Cerrado and Atlantic forests during the last decade. Yet, other equally important Neotropical biodiversity hotspots have been severely neglected. This is particularly true for the Chocó region on the north-western coast of South and Central America. This geologically complex region is Earth’s ninth most biodiverse hotspot, hosting approximately 3 of all known plant species. Here, we test Gentry’s 1982a,b hypothesis of a northern Andean-Central American Pleistocene origin of the Chocoan flora using phylogenetic reconstructions of representative plant lineages in the American tropics. We show that plant diversity in the Choc{\'o} is derived mostly from Andean immigrants. Contributions from more distant biogeographical areas also exist but are fewer. We also identify a strong floristic connection between the Choc{\'o} and Central America, revealed by multiple migrations into the Choc{\'o} during the last 5 Ma. The dated phylogenetic reconstructions suggest a Plio-Pleistocene onset of the extant Choc{\'o} flora. Taken together, these results support to a limited extend Gentry{\textquoteright}s hypothesis of a Pleistocene origin and of a compound assembly of the Chocoan biodiversity hotspot. Strong Central Americanâ��Chocoan floristic affinity may be partly explained by the accretion of a land mass derived from the Caribbean plate to north-western South America. Additional densely sampled phylogenies of Chocoan lineages also well represented across the Neotropics could enlighten the role of land mass movements through time in the assembly of floras in Neotropical biodiversity hotspots.

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