Common foundations for SHACL, ShEx, and PG-Schema

Ahmetaj, S. and Boneva, I. and Hidders, Jan and Hose, K. and Jakubowski, M. and Gayo, J.E.L. and Martens, W. and Mogavero, F. and Murlak, F. and Okulmus, C. and Polleres, A. and Savkovic, O. and Simkus, M. and Tomaszuk, D. (2025) Common foundations for SHACL, ShEx, and PG-Schema. In: WWW '25: The ACM Web Conference 2025, 28 Apr - 02 May 2025, Sydney, Australia.

Abstract

Graphs have emerged as a foundation for a variety of applications, including capturing factual knowledge, semantic data integration, social networks, and informing machine learning algorithms. Formalising properties of the data and ensuring data quality requires describing schemas of such graphs. Driven by diverse applications, the Semantic Web and database communities developed not only different graph data models-RDF and property graphs-but also different graph schema languages-SHACL, ShEx, and PG-Schema. Each language has its unique approach to defining constraints and validating graph data, leaving potential users in the dark about their commonalities and differences. In this paper, we provide concise formal definitions of the core components of these languages, employ a uniform framework to facilitate a comprehensive comparison between them, and identify a common set of functionalities, shedding light on both overlapping and distinctive features.

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